نشریه التیام
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Minimally invasive surgeries are one of the most important revolutions in the history of surgery. recently, different methods of this type of surgery are widely used in medicine and veterinary medicine. With recent advances in minimally invasive surgery, a variety of surgical methods have been introduced. Laparoscopic gallbladder resection is the most common type of minimally invasive surgery and many other surgeries have been introduced in the same way. This article introduces new methods in minimally invasive surgery. The further use of this type of surgery depends entirely on the development of new technologies in this field. The success of surgical procedures in the treatment of diseases is always measured by the amount of pain and trauma that the surgical method inflicts on the patient. Reducing these two factors has led to the progression and change surgical methods with minimal invasions in general and laparoscopic surgeries particularly in the last century.

Application of minimally invasive surgeries are increasing in veterinary medicine. Joint disorders are among the most important cause for lameness in small animals, especially dogs. Arthroscopy is one of the techniques for diagnosing, treating and managing of joint injuries. Arthroscopy has advantages over arthrotomy. Arthroscopic surgery is used for management of different injuries in shoulder (glenohumeral), coxofemoral (hip), elbow, carpal and tarsal joints in small animals. Arthroscopy provides the best access to intra-articular structures. Also, post-operative cares, recovery, pain and infection are less than arthrotomy. The goal of this article is to review the uses of arthroscopy in small animals.

Although various researches have been conducted to improve therapeutic strategies in resolving spinal cord injuries, robust clinical treatment is not yet available. Developing a standard animal model is essential before treatment.

The present study was performed to introduce a simple, applicable, and minimally invasive approach for access to epidural space in cat.

We used per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction for stainless steel cannula insertion to the epidural space. CT-scan, conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, tractography, and behavioral evaluation were used to assess the correct position of cannula and neurological condition of the patient.

MRI results showed no significant change in signal intensity index of neural structures under lumbosacral junction. These observations were further supported by tractography, and also behavioral examination during study.

We found that per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction is a simple and applicable approach which has no side effects and artifact formation in MRI evaluation.

Sepsis is a complex and dynamic syndrome and it is a medical and economic challenge. To learn more about pathophysiology of this syndrome, animal models have been introduced. Poly microbial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture is the gold standard model of this condition. The purpose of this study was introducing a new method of septic peritonitis with laparoscopic assisted cecal ligation and cauterization (CLC) in rabbit model. This study included two groups of adult male New Zealand white rabbits: Control group (4rabbits): exploratory laparoscopy was performed and the cecum was grasped from the distal of ileocecal valve using an atraumatic forceps and pulled out from the trocar entry site. CLC group (4 rabbits): the cecum was ligated and two sites of cecum were cauterized from antimesenteric to mesenteric surface of cecum. Before and during 24 hours after the operation, heart rate, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of rabbits were monitored. Ultrasonography, CBC, peritoneal fluid analysis and bacterial culture was checked 24 hours after the surgery. Statistical analysis of the data in CLC group rabbits showed a significant increase in heart rate 6 and 18 hours after surgery (tachycardia) and increase in respiratory rate from 6 to 24 hours after surgery (tachypnea). In addition, a significant decrease in glucose of serum was observed. Bacterial culture was positive and peritoneal analysis of all rabbits in CLC group indicated the presence of bacteria and infection.

While many of studies have evaluated effects of trocar on incision characteristics non has taken the design of the cannula into consideration. This study was conducted to figure out the type of cannula design which is associated with a better healing at the insertion site, and to investigate if the size of incision in the port site has an effect on the healing process.

6 trocars were inserted in each dog. five animals were used, allowing the total number of 10 insertions for 7 mm incisions and threaded cannula (group A), 10 insertions for 10 mm incision and threaded cannula (group B) and 10 for 10 mm incision and smooth cannula (Group C), which constituted 3 groups of study.

Macroscopic and Histopathology comparison between group A and group B revealed significantly higher degenerative changes and necrosis in the dermal and muscle layer and a higher loss of the peritoneal lining in group A than B. Hemorrhage in the dermal layer of the skin and acute inflammatory reaction was significantly higher in group B compared with C .

This study showed that a smaller incision than the trocar’s external diameter has destructive effects on the tissues. Moreover, using a trocar with a threaded cannula can have harmful effects on the surrounding tissues and it is considered more destructive than a smooth cannula.

Laparoscopic ovariectomy is one of the common procedures performed in adult female dogs. The objective of this study was to compare the intraoperative and postoperative effects of laparoscopic ovariectomy with four hemostasis methods including Ligasure(LS), Ultrasound scalpel(US), Bipolar(BP) electrosurgery, and ligature(LT).

9 adult mix breed female dogs divided into four groups (LS, US, and LT(n=2); BP (n=3)). Total operation time(TT), Total hemostasis time(HT), presence of hemorrhage was recorded during surgery. In the 7th day objects euthanized to investigate abdominal cavity for gross pathologic changes such as presence of adhesion, and histopathological changes due to thermal damage in organs adjacent to anatomic region of ovaries such as uterine horns.

Both TT and HT significantly reduced in LS and US groups in comparison with BP group (P<0.05). TT and HT in LT group were significantly more than BP group. Minimum adhesion score were detected in LS and US groups (no significant difference) which were significantly lesser than BP group (P<0.05). In LT group granuloma around suture material were detected. Thermal damage on uterine horn were significantly higher in BP and LS groups (no significant difference) than US and LT(with no thermal injury) groups (p<0.05). Discussion and

Application of easy, fast, safe method of hemostasis with minimal thermal damage and postoperative complications is mandatory in laparoscopic ovariectomy. Use of Ultrasonic scalpel in comparision with other methods was fast, and the most applicable with minimum thermal injury and postoperative complications in laparoscopic ovariectomy.

Bacterial contamination and widespread use of antibiotics lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella and Staphylococcus from diets used for dog and cat and to determine their antibiotic resistance. 50 samples of dog and cat dry diets were collected. For isolation of Salmonella, culture in liquid Selenite-F, Bismuth sulfite, xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and Salmonella Chromogenic agar were used and for the detection of Staphylococcus, Baird-Parker and mannitol-salt agar. Antibiogram testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software, chi-square test and independent t-test (p≤0.05). Salmonella and Staphylococcus infections were 72% and 20% in dog food and 26% and 80% in cat food, respectively. 100% of the dry bulk feed of cats infected with Salmonella and Staphylococcus and 100% of the samples of dry bulk feed of dogs were infected with Salmonella. 100% of Salmonella strains were resistant to all antibiotics. There was a significant relationship between the level of bacterial contamination and the type of diet (p≤0.05). The presence of bacteria along with antibiotic resistance was identified in this study. Hygiene principles and microbial evaluations are necessary to control and prevent food contamination with bacteria.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease accompanied by a progressive reduction of extracellular matrices in joint cartilage and bone and, eventually, loss of joint function and excessive morbidity. OA has been reported in various animal spesies, such as canine. During years, various therapeutic measurs have been used for treating the OA. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in treatment of the canine osteoarthritis. PRP is the concentration of platelets derived from the plasma portion of one’s own blood. It can be injected in the site of injury, or it can be made into a platelet-rich fibrin clot (PRFC) to use as a scaffold and source for sustained releasing of growth factors. These growth factors reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which dampens the production of destructive matrix. In veterinary medicine, PRP has most often been reported for tendon/ligament injuries and osteoarthritis. The majority of the veterinary literature reporting on PRP involves its use in equine patients, and evidence in canine patients is few. In summary, PRP appears to be safe and potentially useful in treating a number of orthopedic conditions. In vitro data and clinical results in other species are encouraging